Objective To investigate the current situation of plague vectors in the Meriones unguiculatus plague foci on the Inner Mongolian Plateau and to provide a basis for scientific control of M. unguiculatus plague. Methods The 2000-2011 data on plague vectors in the M. unguiculatus plague foci on the Inner Mongolian Plateau were collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Results In 2000-2011, 96 411 fleas (24 040 groups) were detected, including 1657 positive fleas (533 positive groups), with a positive rate of 1.72% (group positive rate, 2.22%). Conclusion Animal plague is prevalent in the M. unguiculatus plague foci on the Inner Mongolian Plateau, which is one of the animal plague-affected areas with the highest epidemic strength in China. Flea plays an important role in human plague epidemic in Inner Mongolia. Long-term systemic surveillance should be conducted in the plague foci to effectively control the occurrence and prevalence of human plague.